# 12 — Optimization Opportunities

Observations from the running infrastructure. Each item is independent — accept, defer, or reject.

## For Nexa directly

1. **Reuse, don't redeploy.** The earlier `DEPLOYMENT.md` would have spun a second Memos / n8n / Qdrant. The current homelab already runs all three. The new [09-deployment](./09-deployment.md) treats these as pre-existing — keeps the config minimal and avoids port collisions.
2. **Use LiteLLM virtual keys per logical caller.** Today there's one SAIA key. Issuing one key per workflow (`nexa-router`, `nexa-embed`, `nexa-digest`) lets you set different per-key rate/cost limits and disable a single workflow without rotating everything.
3. **Use n8n's *credential* objects, never inline secrets.** The current workflows under `nexa-core/n8n-workflows/phase-1/*.json` should be reviewed — if any header `Authorization` is hardcoded, replace with credential references before importing.
4. **Centralise system alerts on a single ntfy topic** (`nexa.system`). Backrest, Proxmox notifications, n8n failure-webhook and the Octoprint Exited state all go to that topic; one Memos system memo aggregates them.
5. **Defer graph DB until Phase 3.4.** Qdrant alone covers ~80% of the assistant's daily value. The graph DB is justified once you actually need dependency analysis or critical-path queries.
6. **Auto-export n8n workflows.** `nexa-core/scripts/backup_workflows.sh` already exists. Schedule it inside the n8n container (cron) and let it `git commit && git push` — this is the cheapest disaster recovery.

## For the wider homelab (out of scope but worth noting)

7. **AI gateway naming.** `ai.nuclide.systems` currently proxies LobeHub (a chat UI on `:3210`), while the LiteLLM API lives on `:4000`. For Nexa, point n8n directly at LiteLLM (`http://192.168.1.40:4000` over the docker net — no public TLS hop needed) to save latency and isolate from UI restarts.
8. **MCP servers consolidation.** Dozzle shows `crawl4ai-mcp`, `markitdown-mcp`, `papersearch-mcp` running individually. They're all MCP servers — Nexa Phase-3 could pull from these via LiteLLM's MCP support to enrich the embedding pipeline (e.g. fetch + markitdown a Karakeep link before embedding).
9. **Backup the n8n SQLite file** — Backrest covers `/home/node/.n8n` if added; today the only "backup" is the workflow JSON which omits credentials and execution history.
10. **Pocket-ID SSO in front of n8n** would let you remove n8n basic-auth and unify session management across the whole stack. One-time setup, large UX win.
11. **Vaultwarden as the secret store** for Nexa secrets (`SAIA_API_KEY`, `MEMOS_API_KEY`, …) — read at bootstrap via the Bitwarden CLI from inside the docker host. Removes the need for a `.env` on disk.
12. **AdGuard as DNS-based control plane.** Since AdGuard is the resolver for the LAN, you can rewrite `*.nuclide.systems` to `192.168.1.4` (Zoraxy) internally and avoid a hairpin via the WAN — already the case if AdGuard rewrite rules are set, worth verifying.
13. **Disk usage on LXC 104** is 47.7 % (Proxmox). Monitor; n8n execution logs and Dozzle history are the usual culprits. Setting `EXECUTIONS_DATA_PRUNE=true` and `EXECUTIONS_DATA_MAX_AGE=168` (7 days) on n8n keeps it bounded.
14. **Vector-store sprawl in the homelab — three competing indexes today.** Nexa is about to be the fourth. Track for eventual consolidation:
    - **Obsidian Copilot** (`.copilot`, `.copilot-index`) and **Smart Connections / Smart Composer** (`.smart-env`, ~13 MB) — embed the Obsidian vault into two separate vector stores inside the vault.
    - **Paperless-AI ChromaDB** (`services/paperless-ai/chromadb/`) — embeds scanned documents from Paperless-ngx for Q&A.
    - **Nexa Qdrant** (`nexa_knowledge_text`, soon `_visual`) — embeds the cross-source corpus.

    Long-term, Nexa is the natural single source of truth (it sees memos + mail + obsidian + RDF graph). Once its RAG is satisfying, retire the Obsidian-plugin indexes and consider letting Nexa **read from** Paperless-AI's ChromaDB rather than re-embed PDFs (one-line ChromaDB query, much cheaper than redoing OCR-to-vector). Track but don't act yet.

15. **Retire `open-webui`.** Confirmed stale by the user — only LobeHub is in active use as the LiteLLM chat front-end (`ai.nuclide.systems`). Stop the container, tar `services/open-webui/` into `backup/open-webui/`, then remove the stack. Frees ~500 MB RAM + a couple of GB of model cache.

16. **`services/siyuan/workspace/` is dead data.** SiYuan retired, content migrated to Obsidian (Nextcloud `Notizen/`). Keep a final tar in `backup/siyuan/`, then `rm -rf services/siyuan/`. Frees disk + removes a "is this still authoritative?" question for future agents (and for Nexa's classifier if it ever sees the path).
17. **Real-time Obsidian sync via `notify_push`.** Phase 3.1 polls WebDAV every 15 min (Q4 resolution). Once that works, swap to Nextcloud's `notify_push` app for sub-second propagation. One-line workflow change in n8n.
18. **`assets/` is 186 MB of binaries** in the Obsidian vault — worth a glance to confirm it's mostly images (Phase-3.2 visual queue) rather than something that should live in Nextcloud Files proper.
19. **Paperless-AI as a Phase-2.x triage helper for `_sortMe/Downloads/`.** UNAS shows ~230 PDFs/docs in `_sortMe/Downloads/` plus another batch under `_sortMe/Anne/`. Paperless-AI (already running) can ingest, OCR, classify and route them; Nexa's role is to *delegate* — wire a workflow that posts a batch to Paperless-AI and reports the result back via Memos.
20. **`media/Recipes/`** has ~300 individually-named recipe folders. Once Phase-3.1 text indexing works, this becomes a high-quality test corpus for `#nexa:ask` (e.g. "what was that gochujang noodle recipe with no anchovies?"). Out-of-scope for the deployment plan, but a satisfying first user-facing win.

## Proxmox host (NUC 14 Pro) tuning

Observed from the node summary: 22 threads, 62 GiB RAM (32 GiB used, ~24 GiB of which is ZFS ARC), 1.64 TiB disk (0.35% used), load avg <2.0, IO delay 0.04%, kernel 6.17.13-4-pve, PVE 9.1.9, EFI. Suggestions in priority order:

21. **Cap ZFS ARC.** Default is 50% of RAM (~31 GiB); current actual ~24 GiB. For a node that runs services rather than a pure storage box, capping at 8–12 GiB frees ~12–16 GiB for guests without measurable IO impact (disk is 1.64 TiB and 0.35% used — there's nothing hot to cache):
    ```
    echo 'options zfs zfs_arc_max=8589934592' > /etc/modprobe.d/zfs.conf   # 8 GiB
    update-initramfs -u
    ```
    Reboot or `echo 8589934592 > /sys/module/zfs/parameters/zfs_arc_max` to apply live.
22. **Enable KSM (Kernel Same-page Merging).** With ~40 docker containers + several LXCs, KSM typically frees 1–3 GiB by deduplicating identical memory pages. Currently `KSM sharing: 0 B` in the summary. PVE has `ksmtuned` available — `systemctl enable --now ksmtuned`.
23. **Suppress the `pve-no-subscription` repository warning** — either accept it (it's a homelab) and apply the `pve-no-subscription-warning` polyfill, or move to the enterprise repo. Pure cosmetic, but the orange banner in the UI is noise.
24. **Swap is 31 GiB on a 62 GiB box with ZFS root** — almost certainly oversized. Drop `vm.swappiness` to 10 (`sysctl -w vm.swappiness=10` + persist) so swap is only used under genuine pressure, and consider shrinking the swap volume if disk-layout permits.
25. **Verify scheduled ZFS scrub is enabled.** PVE ships `zfs-scrub-monthly@.timer` — `systemctl list-timers | grep zfs` to confirm. Cheap insurance on a 1.6 TiB pool.
26. **SMART monitoring on the NVMe.** `smartctl -a /dev/nvme0` should be regularly polled; PVE's notification target can ntfy on degradation. Combine with the existing `nexa.system` ntfy topic (optimization #4) so disk-health alerts land in the same Memos system feed as everything else.
27. **NTP source via AdGuard.** AdGuard already resolves DNS for the LAN; pointing the host's `systemd-timesyncd` at `pool.ntp.org` resolved through AdGuard avoids any external dependency for time. One-line change in `/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf`.
28. **`fstrim.timer` enabled** for the SSD pool — verify with `systemctl status fstrim.timer`. Default-on in modern PVE, but quick to confirm.
29. **Watchdog config** is irrelevant for a single-node setup (HA is the use case), so leave the default. Mentioned only so future agents don't add it speculatively.

## Docker LXC (104) — observations & wins

Confirmed allocation: 16 CPU, 31.25 GiB RAM (7.86 GiB used / 25%), 8 GiB swap (idle), **200 GiB boot disk at 47.7% used** — disk pressure outranks RAM pressure.

30. **Fix the Intel iGPU passthrough.** The container's own notes flag the binding as "likely failing". Once `/dev/dri/{card0,renderD128}` is visible inside the LXC, both TEI and `infinity` can run embeddings on the Arc iGPU via OpenVINO / IPEX-LLM — typically **5–10× faster** than CPU. Equally, Immich's CLIP can be GPU-accelerated. The required config in `/etc/pve/lxc/104.conf`:
    ```
    lxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 226:0 rwm
    lxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 226:128 rwm
    lxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 29:0 rwm
    lxc.mount.entry: /dev/dri/card0       dev/dri/card0       none bind,optional,create=file
    lxc.mount.entry: /dev/dri/renderD128  dev/dri/renderD128  none bind,optional,create=file
    lxc.idmap: u 0 100000 65536
    lxc.idmap: g 0 100000 65536
    lxc.idmap: g 44 44 1            # video group on host
    lxc.idmap: g 104 104 1          # render group on host
    ```
    Then inside the container: `usermod -aG video,render <docker-user>` and run TEI with `--device cuda` replaced by the OpenVINO build (`text-embeddings-inference:cpu-1.5-openvino`). Not needed for Phase-3.1's volume but a clean upgrade path.
31. **Match the homelab-wide UNAS storage convention.** Every existing docker stack on LXC 104 already binds its persistent data into `services/<svc>/` on UNAS via SMB (immich, karakeep, nextcloud, ntfy, open-webui, paperless-ai, pocketid, shelfmark, siyuan, stremio, traccar, vaultwarden, gluetun all follow this). Nexa **must** follow the same pattern at `services/nexa/`. Do not invent a parallel layout. Targets:
    - `services/nexa/qdrant/` — Qdrant data dir (move before the visual collection lands).
    - `services/nexa/tei-cache/` — embedding model cache (keeps multi-GB models off the boot disk).
    - `services/nexa/graphdb/` — Phase-3.4 RDF store.
    - `backup/nexa/snapshots/qdrant/<date>/` — daily Qdrant snapshots before rsync to S3 (Phase 3.3 — Q12 open). Mirrors the `backup/<svc>/` pattern used by Home Assistant / Immich.
    - **n8n executions retention**: `EXECUTIONS_DATA_PRUNE=true`, `EXECUTIONS_DATA_MAX_AGE=168`.
    - **Monthly `docker image prune --all --filter "until=720h"`** to clear dangling layers.

    Why SMB and not the host's NFS mount: the user already lived through the unprivileged-LXC + NFS + per-container-write trap with Nextcloud. SMB mounted directly as a docker volume (driver `local`, type `cifs`) with explicit `username=`/`uid=`/`gid=` bypasses LXC uid-mapping entirely. **Pre-deploy step:** read the volume block from an existing stack (Karakeep is small and clean) and copy it verbatim — this guarantees Nexa uses the same SMB share name, credential pattern, uid/gid as the rest of the homelab. Tracked as [Q19](./11-open-questions.md#q19).

    Credentials (`UNAS_USER` / `UNAS_PASS`) go in Vaultwarden ([12/#11](#11)), injected at deploy. The host-side `/mnt/pve/unas` NFS mount stays useful for admin tasks (rsync, manual backups) — not for per-container write paths.
32. **The LXC has its own 8 GiB swap.** Combined with the host's 31 GiB, that's a lot of swap for guests that should never page. Drop the LXC swap allocation to 1–2 GiB (`pct set 104 -swap 2048`) — frees disk on the LVM-thin pool and forces issues to surface earlier rather than silently swap.
33. **Stacks are managed in Arcane; Dockge is stale.** The LXC was originally provisioned with the Dockge helper-script template, but the user moved on to **Arcane** as the day-to-day docker manager. Deployment of the Nexa stack therefore goes through Arcane, not Dockge. Cleanup task: tar `services/dockge/` (if it exists) into `backup/dockge/`, retire the Dockge container, drop the stale data dir. **Dozzle** stays — it's the log viewer, not a manager, so it isn't redundant with Arcane.
34. **Untriaged local mail on the LXC.** Console shows `You have new mail.` at login — the system mail spool on `/var/mail/root` has unread messages, almost always cron job failures. `mailx` or `mutt` to inspect, then either fix the failing job or send the spool to `nexa.system` ntfy via a tiny aliases entry (`root: |/usr/local/bin/spool-to-ntfy.sh`).

## Housekeeping campaign (cross-cutting, do together)

These three are inter-related — picking them up as one campaign is cheaper than chasing each individually, because the audit step is the same. They also map cleanly onto **[Phase 6 (Nexa as homelab steward)](./02-roadmap.md#phase-6--nexa-as-homelab-steward)**: once Nexa can poll Arcane, diff against the documented state and emit actionable findings, items #35–37 become semi-automatic — Nexa proposes the migrations rather than us hunting them down.

35. **Consolidate Postgres instances.** Today there are at least four independent Postgres containers running — visible from Arcane: `immich_postgres`, `lobe-postgres`, `litellm_db`, `paperless-ngx-db-1` (Karakeep uses Meilisearch + maybe SQLite, separate). Each idles around 100–300 MB RAM and has its own backup story. Two paths:
    - **Single shared cluster** (`pgsql` container with one role per app, one database per app). Most modern apps support `DATABASE_URL` → just point them at the shared instance. Saves ~600 MB–1 GB RAM and consolidates backups to one pg_dump cron.
    - **Or** migrate the smallest ones to SQLite (LiteLLM has SQLite mode; Paperless does too) and keep Postgres only for Immich. Same outcome, less migration risk.

    Pre-step: list every running container with `docker ps --format '{{.Names}}\t{{.Image}}' | grep -i 'postgres\|mariadb\|mysql'` to inventory exactly what's running.

36. **UNAS-integration audit.** `services/<svc>/` on UNAS is the homelab convention but not every container follows it yet. Walk every Arcane stack and check the `volumes:` block. Suspected non-compliant (need verification):
    - `qdrant_scientific` — vector data possibly on local boot disk; **critical to verify** before Phase-3.1 piles on a `nexa_knowledge_text` collection.
    - `litellm_db`, `lobe-postgres`, `lobe-redis` — DB containers, persistent state.
    - `memos` — the user-facing notes app; loss = data loss.
    - `n8n` — workflows + executions DB.
    - `audiobookshelf` — listening progress + library metadata.
    - the `*-mcp` containers — likely stateless (cache only), low priority.

    Output: a one-page table `service | persistent? | currently bound to | should be bound to`. Then migrate the non-compliant ones one-by-one (stop → rsync data to `services/<svc>/` on UNAS → re-create stack with the new bind → verify → keep the old volume for 7 days as a rollback). Lock the convention for any new stack going forward.

37. **3-2-1 backup tiering: warm on-site (S3) + cold off-site.**
    `s3.nuclide.systems` is already up but it's **on-site** — same building, same power, same (in-)susceptibility to fire / theft / ransomware. By itself it's a *warm* tier, not a disaster-recovery copy. The full design is two tiers:

    **Warm tier — `s3.nuclide.systems` (already exists, just needs a bucket):**
    - **Restic / borg** repos for `backup/home-assistant/`, `backup/immich/`, `backup/nextcloud/`, future `backup/nexa/`. Backrest already orchestrates Borg — just add the S3 destination.
    - **Qdrant + GraphDB snapshots** flow UNAS → S3 daily.
    - Resolves [Q12](./11-open-questions.md#q12) once the bucket name + access key are set.

    **Cold tier — off-site provider (decision pending — see [Q20](./11-open-questions.md#q20)):**
    - **Jottacloud "Unlimited"** (~€9.50/mo, EU/Norway, soft-cap ~5 TB) — user's stated candidate. Best price/value at current 2 TB; reach soft cap in ~10 years. Use `rclone jottacloud:` or native `jotta-cli`.
    - **Hetzner Storage Box BX21** (€13/mo, 5 TB EU/DE) — predictable quota, native Borg/Restic/SFTP. Cheapest predictable EU alternative.
    - **Backblaze B2** (~$12/mo for 2 TB, S3-compatible, US) — cheapest with the widest tooling support; egress is paid (~$10/TB) which only bites during *full* restores.
    - **rsync.net** (~$30/mo) — ZFS send/recv natively; overkill unless you want pool replication.
    - **Storj DCS** ($4/TB/mo, decentralized, S3-compatible) — newer ecosystem.

    **Always encrypt before upload** regardless of provider — `restic` or `rclone crypt` over the chosen remote. The provider sees only ciphertext blobs. Key material lives in Vaultwarden + a printed-paper offline copy.

    **Tiering & cadence:**
    ```
    [Source]   UNAS RAID-6 + native snapshots (#38)
                 │ daily restic/borg
                 ▼
    [Warm]     s3.nuclide.systems (on-site, fast restore)
                 │ weekly rclone copy + crypt
                 ▼
    [Cold]     Off-site (Jottacloud / B2 / Hetzner)  ← satisfies the "1" in 3-2-1
    ```

    **What goes off-site (priority order):**
    1. Immich photo originals — irreplaceable.
    2. `media/documents/`, `_sortMe/Downloads/`, Nextcloud user data — irreplaceable.
    3. Memos DB, n8n workflows, Nexa Qdrant + GraphDB snapshots — replicable from sources but expensive to redo.
    4. Vaultwarden DB — *cryptographically* sensitive but small; explicitly include.

    **What does not need off-site:** movies, music, audiobooks, ROMs, derived caches (Immich thumbnails, encoded-video). Those re-download or regenerate.

    Pre-deploy step: choose one provider, create a test bucket/folder, dry-run a `restic init` + `restic backup` of `backup/nexa/` first as a smoke test before pointing the heavyweight repos at it.

38. **Configure UNAS Pool snapshots.** The UniFi Drive dashboard shows the storage-pool snapshot schedule as "Click to Setup" — i.e. **not configured**. RAID 6 protects against drive failure, not against an `rm -rf` from a misbehaving container or a Nextcloud user mass-delete. Cheap fix: set a daily snapshot with 7-day retention + a weekly with 4-week retention on Pool 1. Native to UniFi Drive, no agent needed. **Highest-leverage data-protection change in the homelab right now** — costs nothing, recovers everything.

39. **Use UNAS native snapshots for fast Nexa rollback** once #38 is set. Nexa workflows that mutate large state (re-embedding the whole vault, graph rebuild, list-config rewrite) can `pre-snapshot → operate → verify → release` against the same UniFi Drive snapshots. Cheaper and faster than restoring from S3.